Artificial intelligence can be said to be hot in the recent IT field, but most people are still confused about artificial intelligence. What exactly is artificial intelligence? Where is artificial intelligence applied, what is the relationship between artificial intelligence and human intelligence, and how is artificial intelligence developed? This article gives a general overview of artificial intelligence.
What is artificial intelligence
Before the advent of computers, people dreamed that a machine could realize human thinking, help people solve problems, and even have higher intelligence than humans. With the invention of the computer in the 1940s, the computing speed has increased rapidly in the past few decades. It has evolved from the original scientific and mathematical calculations to various modern computer applications such as multimedia applications, computer-aided design, databases, data communication, and automatic control. Wait, artificial intelligence is a research branch of computer science and the crystallization of the development of computer science research for many years.
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as computer science, biology, psychology, neuroscience, mathematics, and philosophy. A major driving force of artificial intelligence is the development of computer functions related to human intelligence, such as the ability to reason, learn, and solve problems.
The father of artificial intelligence John McCarthy said: Artificial intelligence is the machine that makes intelligence, and more specifically the program that makes artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence mimics the way humans think to enable computers to think intelligently. Artificial intelligence studies the way the human brain thinks, learns, and works, and then uses the research results as the basis for developing intelligent software and systems.
Comparison of computer software without AI and AI
No AI programming
Computer programs without AI solve specific problems.
Modifications in a program can cause large changes in its structure. The modification is troublesome, which may cause modification errors.
Programming with AI
Computer programs with AI solve general problems.
Each parameter part of the AI program is highly independent, and modification will not cause structural changes, and the program modification is quick and easy.
Application areas of AI
AI dominates the following areas
Games: Artificial intelligence plays a vital role in games such as chess, poker, and Go. Machines can think about a large number of possible positions and calculate the optimal chess move based on heuristic knowledge.
Natural language processing: Can interact with computers that understand human natural language. For example, common machine translation systems and human-computer dialogue systems.
Expert system: There are applications that integrate machines, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advice. They provide users with explanations and suggestions. For example, analyze stock prices and conduct quantitative trading.
Vision system: It systematically understands and interprets visual input on a computer. For example, spy planes take pictures that are used to calculate spatial information or area maps. Doctors use a clinical expert system to diagnose patients. Computer software used by the police can identify portraits stored in a database to identify the faces of the perpetrators. And our most commonly used license plate recognition.
Speech recognition: Intelligent systems can talk to humans, listen to and understand human language through sentences and their meanings. It can handle different stress, slang, background noise, tone changes of different people, etc.
Handwriting recognition: Handwriting recognition software recognizes the shape of letters by text written on the screen with a pen and converts them into editable text.
Intelligent robots: Robots are capable of performing tasks given by humans. They have sensors that detect light, heat, temperature, motion, sound, collision, and pressure data from the real world. He has an efficient processor, multiple sensors and huge memory to demonstrate its intelligence, and is able to learn from mistakes to adapt to the new environment.
History of artificial intelligence
1940-1950:
A group of scientists from the fields of mathematics, psychology, engineering, economics, and politics discussed together the possibility of artificial intelligence. At that time, it had been discovered that the working principle of the human brain is the electrical pulse of neurons.
1950-1956:
Alan Turing has published a landmark paper in which he foresees the possibility of creating thinking machines.
Important events: Christopher Strachey of the University of Manchester wrote a checkers program using Ferranti Mark 1 machine, and Dietrich Prinz wrote a chess program.
1956:
At Dartmouth Conference, artificial intelligence was born. John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence and demonstrated the first artificial intelligence program at Carnegie Mellon University.
1956-1974:
Reasoning research, mainly using inference algorithms, is applied in chess and other games. The purpose of natural language research is to enable computers to understand human language. In Japan, Waseda University launched the WABOT project in 1967 and completed the world's first full-size intelligent humanoid robot WABOT-1 in 1972.
1974-1980:
Due to the limitations of computer technology at the time, many studies were not able to achieve the expected results. At this time, AI was at a low ebb.
1980-1987:
In the 1980s, companies around the world adopted an artificial intelligence program called an "expert system", and knowledge expression systems became the focus of mainstream artificial intelligence research. In the same year, the Japanese government actively funded artificial intelligence through its fifth-generation computer project. In 1982, physicist John Hopfield invented a neural network to learn and process information in entirely new ways.
1987-1993:
The second AI study was low.
1993-2011:
The emergence of intelligent agents is a system that senses the surrounding environment and takes maximum chances of success. During this period, natural language comprehension and translation, data mining, and web crawlers have seen great development.
Milestone: Deep Blue defeated then World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. In 2005, Stanford's robot autonomously drove 131 miles on a desert road.
Since 2011:
In deep learning, big data and strong artificial intelligence have developed rapidly.
Reprinted "Hundred Numbers: Electronic World of Internet of Things".
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